Dear Rich: Nolo’s Patent, Copyright & Trademark Blog

Dear Rich: I have a question. I own a domain name -- let's just call it gamingaus.com. I found out that someone has registered the trademark gamingaustralia.com. Would I be infringing their trademark? I'm so glad you asked. The short answer is "probably" (based on the assumption you are both offering gambling services and the fact that the names are fairly similar.)

The billable answer is that many variables arise when choosing a domain name similar to an existing trademark. For example, you may be able to use your domain name if you can show that consumers aren't likely to be confused by the two names, or that you are the first (or "senior") user, or that you are not offering the same services. Say, for example, the other company offers gambling services and you offer "gaming" services (in which you assist in the removal of some species of Australian vegetation). Or, perhaps your site helps people with "gaming" the Medicaid system. If those arguments fail, there's always the possibility that you could challenge the trademark registration on the basis that it is "merely descriptive" (or the generic term) for what the service offers.

The fact is that even unrelated services -- say, wildlife preservation vs. pro wrestling -- can trigger problems. You'll also get hassled if you acquired the domain name primarily to profit by selling it to the other company. The Dear Rich staff would recommend you err on the side of caution, since gambling enterprises are usually well-funded and unafraid to litigate -- or, as our staffers put it: "the bigger the headache, the bigger the pill."

Got a question for Dear Rich? Send it to dearrichquestion@gmail dot com, and make sure it has the header: "Question."

Dear Rich: Can I get a trademark on my own name so that I can use it exclusively for the crafts items I make and sell? Or do I automatically have a trademark on my name? I'm so glad you asked. The short answers to your questions are "maybe" and "no." Yes, it is your name, but that, by itself, does not create trademark rights. Otherwise, anyone named Gallo could sell wine (or cheese) without getting sued; anyone named Victoria (or Victor) could have a secret; and anyone named Violet Blue could offer sex advice. As with all trademarks, the rights go to the first person to use the name in connection with certain goods and services.

In fact, your name creates a bit of a disadvantage when seeking to register a trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). You can't register a personal name with the USPTO unless you can demonstrate that consumers associate your name with your goods or services (referred to as "secondary meaning"). In other words, you need to show that you've been using it for a while to sell goods or services, or have invested some money in advertising the name.

All of this is kind of ironic since the earliest trademarks were the names of crafts people who marked their pottery and silverware with their names.

You can get an idea of whether anyone else is using a similar personal name for crafts by checking the USPTO trademark database (click "Trademarks," then "Search TM database"). Of course, one solution is to combine the use of your name with another term -- for example, Dear Rich -- and then you can go after those competitors with identical monikers or annoyingly similar ones, as well.

Got a question for Dear Rich? Send it to dearrichquestion@gmail and make sure it has the header: "Question." 

Dear Rich: I have a question. Can a copyrighted or trademarked item be reused or "repurposed," as they like to say in the recycling circles, into a new product for sale without permission? For example, can someone take a cereal box, cut it up, use the front of the box as a notebook cover and legally sell that notebook? Can someone tear a page from a magazine or calendar, fold that page into an envelope and legally sell that envelope? How about a bottle cap? Can someone fashion a piece of jewelry from a bottle cap that is identifiable in the finished piece? I'm so glad you asked. The short answer: Making jewelry from a bottle cap is probably okay, ripping pages from a magazine and selling envelopes could be fine (but ripping pages from a book or calendar may not), and making notebook covers from cereal boxes may lead to trademark problems.

The long answer (zzzzzz) is a bit more nuanced. Here goes: Copyright law permits the purchaser of a copyrighted work to resell, destroy, or do whatever they want to that work, as long as they don't step on any of the copyright owner's exclusive rights. This principle is known as the first sale doctrine, and that's why people can sell used books, movies, and music on eBay and Amazon. The term "first sale doctrine" comes from the fact that the copyright owner maintains control over a specific copy only until it is first sold. (One exception: If it's a limited edition artwork or fine art work -- for example, signed and numbered photographs created in limited editions of 200 or fewer copies -- you can't destroy it.)

Naturally, things aren't always so simple. For example, two cases involving the resale of artwork seem to have arrived at different results. In one case, a company purchased a book of prints by the painter Patrick Nagel and cut out the individual images in the book and mounted them in frames for resale. A court of appeals in California held that this practice was an infringement and was not permitted under the first sale doctrine. (Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Co., 856 F.2d 1341 (1988).) (A similar result was reached in Greenwich Workshop Inc. v. Timber Creations, Inc., 932 F.Supp. 1210 (C.D. Cal. 1996).) In a different case, a company purchased note cards, mounted them on tiles, and resold them. A federal court in Illinois determined that this practice was okay. (Lee v. Deck the Walls, Inc., 925 F.Supp. 576 (N.D. Ill. 1996.) (The same result occurred in C.M. Paula Co. v. Logan, 355 F.Supp. 189 (D.C. Texas 1973).) So, under these rulings, a person cannot rip individual images from an art book and resell them, but a person can mount individual note cards and resell those. Another case added further confusion when a federal court ruled that the purchaser of a bundle of software programs could resell the individual components (separate programs on CDs). (Softman Products Co. LLC v. Adobe Systems Inc., 171 F.Supp. 2d 1075 (C.D. Cal. 2001).)

You definitely want to take some care selling repurposed items that contain trademarks. Although you're free to sell empty cereal boxes, you want to avoid implying that the cereal company is endorsing or is associated with your notebook products. That's going to be tough to do if the cover of your notebook is identical to the cover of the cereal. Consumers will necessarily confuse the two and likely think the cereal company is selling notebooks (not a major leap, considering they sell to kids). A prominent disclaimer may help -- for example, a statement that your business is not affiliated with or endorsed by the trademarked company. But who's going to want to look at a big disclaimer on the cover? Whatever you do, don't play up the trademarks you use in your company's marketing or business name. For example, it's not a good idea to name your website "Cheerios Notebooks." Finally, as with all issues like this, the lower you are on a company's radar -- that is, the less you sell -- the more likely you are to avoid any hassles.

Dear Rich: I have a question. I want to trademark a product that I will sell primarily in gay catalogs and I want to use the word "queer" as part of my trademark. I've heard that I'll have trouble if I try to register it. Since registration costs $325, I'd like to know if that's true before I file. I'm so glad you asked. There are dozens of trademarks with the word "queer" that have qualified for federal registration including Queer Beer, Queer Channel, Queer Duck, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, and my personal favorite, The Coast is Queer. So it's unlikely that the USPTO will hassle you based on that term alone. It's true that the USPTO can reject marks that are scandalous and twice rejected the "Dykes on Bikes" trademark. However, that mark eventually achieved registration after the organization sponsoring the registration demonstrated that the term "dyke" was not disparaging to lesbians. (The trademark also survived a legal attack by a lawyer who claimed that the term denigrated men.) It's true that some terms are still considered as scandalous and derogatory but, assuming nobody is using a similar mark on related goods, you won't end up donating $325 to the feds. P.S. Did you know you can save $50 by filing your trademark as a TEAS PLUS application?

Dear Rich: I have a question. My boyfriend has a company that sells tea. I thought up a name for one of the teas -- Serendipi-Tea -- and he used it without asking me. He even filed a trademark application without naming me! Doesn't he have to get my permission? I'm so glad you asked. No, your boyfriend does not need to ask your permission to use the name you created for a trademark (although it might have been polite). Trademark rights are granted to the first person to use the term in commerce, not the person who thinks up the name. Hence the legal motto: No trade -- no trademark. Your clever wordplay is also not protected under copyright law because copyright does not protect names and short phrases. You may wonder how those high-priced naming gurus get paid when they think up names for big companies -- they have written contracts that require payment for the work. So unless your boyfriend had an agreement with you, you're not entitled to anything. Perhaps the deeper and more meaningful question is whether intellectual property issues will drive a permanent wedge between you and your boyfriend. I would like to think not. Remember, your boyfriend only acquires rights to use the term in regards to tea. You're alway free to use the name as the title of your tell-all memoir.

Dear Rich: I have a question. I've been buying domain names that are common misspellings of well-known online retailers and then setting up websites with Google Ads. So when someone types in the wrong spelling, they arrive at my site. Then, they can then click through to the correct company's site using a Google Ad. I got a letter from one of the companies telling me to take down my site and give up my domain name. Why? Sure, I make some money, but aren't I doing a good thing by leading people who misspell domain names to the right company? I'm so glad you asked. I can't tell you whether what you're doing is a 'good' thing or a 'bad' thing -- let's leave that up to the Dalai Lama -- but I can tell you that what you're doing is called typosquatting.

A typosquatter purchases misspellings of domain name in the hopes of catching and exploiting traffic intended for another website. (It's been a lucrative source of income for many years.) Typosquatting is a variation of cybersquatting and if the company whose name you're exploiting takes you to arbitration under international domain name arbitration rules and proves you're acting in bad faith, you'll have to give up the domain name. If the company takes you to court in the U.S. instead, you'll have to give up the name, and perhaps pay damages. Some companies guard against this practice by purchasing the misspellings, such as www.amzaon.com (sic). Others have to chase down violators and either buy the name back from the squatter or go after them with lawyers -- for example, Land's End went after a typosquatter who purchased domain names such as www.lnadsend.com and www.landswnd.com and then demanded money for referring customers under the Land's End affiliate program. Nice scheme. (Land's End prevailed in the early stages of litigation, but so far, the company hasn't managed to acquire the domains.) Another unfortunate problem -- some unscrupulous typosquatters trigger malware. Arrivederci!

Dear Rich: I have a question. I'll be using a lot of screenshots from different websites in my book. Do I need to get permission for that or is it a fair use? I'm so glad you asked. Conventional wisdom (and the Electronic Frontier Foundation) says that an unauthorized screenshot is an infringement. That said, the use of screenshots rarely triggers a complaint because either: (1) the copyright owners don't want to complain about something that promotes their company -- for example, an online tutorial about using Microsoft Word, or a book about starting an eBay business, or (2) the copyright owners believe the use is likely to be excused as a fair use. Although issues don't often arise, occasionally copyright owners do complain -- for example, Apple complained about pre-release screenshots of the iPhone. Some sites place limits on your use of screenshots in their user agreements.

Keep in mind that if the copyright owners do complain, the results can be unfortunate--it may disrupt publication of a book or other product. Perhaps a more important issue to consider is whether what you are doing is likely to anger or annoy the copyright owner. If it is, proceed with caution and review your use of the company's trademarks so that your use doesn't imply an association or endorsement.

P.S. In the future, sites will be able to block screenshots.

Dear Rich: I have a question. I use a generic term as the name for my business. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office refused my trademark registration. Can I register the initials instead? I'm so glad you asked. As you noted, the USPTO won't register a generic term as a trademark, and it uses a two-pronged test to make that determination. (Keep in mind, of course, that some terms can be generic in one field of goods but not in another -- for example, 'arrow' for archery equipment versus for men's shirts.) Using initials instead of the generic term will not guarantee you registration unless you can prove that -- in the public's mind -- the abbreviation has a meaning distinct from the underlying generic terms. So, for example, Welding Services, Inc., a company that offers welding services, will have a hard time registering 'WSI' if customers associate those initials with welding services. And as WSI recently learned in a court battle, even if the company could get protection for a stylized version of WSI, it can't stop a competitor, Welding Technology, from using its WTI logo (above). Sound complicated? Hey, when it comes to generics, even lawyers get confused.

Dear Rich: I have a question. If all works created by the U.S. government are in the public domain, can I reproduce the Copyright Office seal at my website? I'm so glad you asked because I was just looking at the 'rebranded' (.pdf) Copyright Office seal and wondering, what was wrong with the old one? (Branding is so dumb ... even sheep hate it.) You can freely reproduce the Copyright Office seal with one exception; you can't use it in any way that indicates you are associated with or endorsed by the Copyright Office. That's because the seal is a registered trademark (Serial No. 89000946). That's right, federal agencies can own trademarks (and the trademark serial numbers always start with 89).

For more about reproducing works that are in the public domain, see The Public Domain: How to Find Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More, by Attorney Stephen Fishman (Nolo).

Dear Rich: I have a question. Last week, you talked about trademark logos. How do you search the USPTO database to find conflicting design logos? I'm so glad you asked. You can search design logos as follows:

1. go to the USPTO website


2. under Trademarks (on the left), click "Search TM Database"


3. then click "Free Form Search (Advanced)"


4. enter a word or words in the search box that signify what you're looking for followed by [DE] (which stands for "design element").

For more on trademarks, check out Attorney Stephen Elias' book Trademark: Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name (Nolo), now in its 8th edition.